ƿ? Smith, V.S.2001WAvian louse phylogeny (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera): a cladistic study based on morphology81-144)Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society132lice; phthiraptera; ischnocera; ontogeny; bird phylogeny; coevolution; congruence lice phthiraptera; sexual selection; pocket gophers; chewing lice; host; parasites; cospeciation; classification; trichodectidae; coevolutionThe louse suborder Ischnocera (Phthiraptera) contains 3,060 currently described species from over 150 genera. These lice are permanent obligatory ectoparasites of a diverse selection of birds and mammals with a worldwide distribution. They have historically played a major role in the development of our ideas on coevolution, and species hosted by mammals have been used extensively as model organism for the study of cospeciation. In contrast, avian taxa comprising 90% of ischnoceran species have been largely neglected due to a lack of data on their wider systematics. A comparative study of based on adult and instar morphology of avian lice yielded 138 characters from 56 species (51 genera), all of which are figured or discussed for the first time. A further five outgroup taxa were examined from the mammalian ischnoceran family Trichodectidae. Phylogenetic analyses of these data produced three most parsimonious cladograms, the strict consensus of which is highly resolved and broadly consistent with previous classifications. Morphological character variation is extensive, and nymphal character traits are essential to identify instances of convergent evolution in adult morphology. The role of ontogeny in the development of the major character complexes of the head and abdomen is discussed and its implications for further work on the phylogeny of avian Ischnocera is considered. Comparison with host taxonomy reveals a pattern that is broadly consistent with a hypothesis of cospeciation. However, host - parasite associations are complex and difficult to interpret due to the low sample size. The role of niche specialisation to explain the presence of multiple unrelated lineages on the same host taxon is considered.Status: Reprints held://000169190200003Zool. J. Linn. Soc.0?WClay, T.1949:Some problems in the evolution of a group of ectoparasites279-299 Evolution3None%Status: Photocopy held (Ischnocera) M$Topics covered: I. The present distribution and host relationships of the Mallophaga (Includes lots of examples of taxa with closely related lice taxa and also ddetails exceptions to these general rules) II. Isolating factors in Mallophaga speciation - Isolation by speecies formation in the hosts. - Isolation by the development of host specificity. - Isolation and reunion of host populations - Extinction of host populations - Extinction of louse populations. III. Ecological factors in Mallophaga speciation. - Intrinsic changes in ecological niche. - Change of ecological niche on the same host. IV. The origin of sympatric species. -Sympatric speciation -Isolation. -Secondary interspecific infestations. V. Causes of anomolus distribution. (a list of possibilities) All in all a really gd. paper. Evolution>?Page, R. D. M.1993%Parasites, phylogeny and cospeciation499-506&International Journal for Parasitology234cladistics; congruence; cospeciation; phylogeny confidence-limits; evolution; rates; biogeography; assemblages; bootstrap; events; treesJulsHost-parasite assemblages offer exciting possibilities for the comparative study of rates of speciation and evolution in different organisms. The basis for such studies must be a phylogenetic analysis of the host-parasite association. Some recent developments in this field are briefly reviewed and illustrated using phylogenies for pocket gophers and their chewing lice.Status: Not held://A1993LT66500010%English Article LT665 INT J PARASITOLInt. J. Parasitol.ISI:A1993LT665000102753.pdfNAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT BOT,BIODIVERS PROGRAMME,CROMWELL RD,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND PAGE RDM NAT HIST MUSEUM,DEPT BOT,BIODIVERS PROGRAMME,CROMWELL RD,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND? Page, R. D. M.20026Tangled Trees: phylogeny, cospeciation and coevolution350ChicagoUniversity of Chicago PressStatus: Book copy held?Johnson, K.P. Whiting, M.F.2002FMultiple genes and the monophyly of Ischnocera (Insecta: Phthiraptera)101-110%Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution2213Whereas most traditional classifications identify Ischnocera as a major suborder of lice in the order Phthiraptera, a recent molecular study based on one gene did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera. In this study we test the monophyly of Ischnocera using sequences of portions of three different genes: two nuclear (EF1 and 18S) and one mitochondrial (COI). Analysis of EF1 and COI sequences did not recover monophyly of Ischnocera, but these genes provided little support for ischnoceran paraphyly because homoplasy is high among the divergent taxa included in this study. Analysis of 18S sequences recovered ischnoceran monophyly with strong support. Sequences from these three gene regions showed significant conflict with the partition homogeneity test, but this heterogeneity probably arises from the dramatic differences in substitution rates. In support of this conclusion, Kishino-Hasegawa tests of the EF1 and COI genes did not reject several trees containing ischnoceran monophyly. Combined analysis of all three gene regions supported monophyly of Ischnocera, although not as strongly as analysis of 18S by itself. In sum, although rapidly evolving genes can retain some phylogenetic signal for deep phylogenetic relationships, strong support for such relationships is likely to come from more slowly evolving genes.Status: Reprint heldMol. Phylogenet. Evol.?RJohnson, K.P. Cruickshank, R.H. Adams, R.J. Smith, V.S. Page, R.D.M. Clayton, D.H.2003XDramatically elevated rate of mitochondrial substitution in lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)231-242%Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution262Few estimates of relative substitution rates, and the underlying mutation rates, exist between mitochondrial and nuclear genes in insects. Previous estimates for insects indicate a 2-9 times faster substitution rate in mitochondrial genes relative to nuclear genes. Here we use novel methods for estimating relative rates of substitution, which incorporate multiple substitutions, and apply these methods to a group of insects (lice, Order: Phthiraptera). First, we use a modification of copath analysis (branch length regression) to construct independent comparisons of rates, consisting of each branch in a phylogenetic tree. The branch length comparisons use maximum likelihood models to correct for multiple substitution. In addition, we estimate codon-specific rates under maximum likelihood for the different genes and compare these values. Estimates of the relative synonymous substitution rates between a mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (EF-1 ) gene in lice indicate a relative rate of several 100 to 1. This rapid relative mitochondrial rate (>100 times) is at least an order of magnitude faster than previous estimates for any group of organisms. Comparisons using the same methods for another group of insects (aphids) reveals that this extreme relative rate estimate is not simply attributable to the methods we used, because estimates from aphids are substantially lower. Taxon sampling affects the relative rate estimate, with comparisons involving more closely related taxa resulting in a higher estimate. Relative rate estimates also increase with model complexity, indicating that methods accounting for more multiple substitution estimate higher relative rates.Status: Reprint heldMol. Phylogenet. Evol. ƿ?Clayton, D. H. Price, R. D.1999Taxonomy of New World Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from the Columbiformes (Aves), with descriptions of five new species675-685.Annals of the Entomological Society of America9257Ischnocera Columbicola Columbiformes New World taxonomy#Twelve previously described species of Columbicola are recognized and redescribed. The species Columbicola extinctus Malcomson, previously recognized only from the extinct passenger pigeon, Ectopistes migratorius (L.), is ''brought back'' from extinction by showing it to be conspecific with lice from the extant Land-tailed pigeon, Columba fasciata Say. Five new species are described: drown [type host Metriopelia melanoptera (Molina)], altamimiae [type host Metriopelia aymara (Prevost)], adamsi (type host Columba speciosa Gmelin), waggermani (type host Columbicola squamosa Bonnaterre), and waltheri [type host Geotrygon linearis (Prevost)]. Columbicola triangularis Eichler and Columbicola gymnopeliae Eichler are removed from synonymy and recognized as valid species. Columbicola pseudolipeurusque Eichler is considered a junior synonym of Columbicola passerinae (Wilson) rather than of Columbicola macrourae (Wilson). We remark on informal groupings of the species and provide a key for the identification of the 17 species recognized in this article.@://000083015200006Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA Clayton DH Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA T??d&Clayton, D.H. Price, R.D. Page, R.D.M.1996Revision of Dennyus (Collodennyus) lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) from swiftlets, with descriptions of new taxa and a comparison of host-parasite relationships179-204Systematic Entomology21Lice of the subgenus Dennyus(Collodennyus) are host specific, perminant parasites of swiftslets (Aves: Apodidae). As a prelude to a test of the hypothesis that these lice have cospeciated with their hosts, we revise the taxonomy of the subgenus, redescribing the seven previously recognised species, and adding thirteen new species and three new subspecies. All twenty three of these louse taxa are found on swiftlets (Apodiformes: Apodidae), with four from hosts of the genusCollocalia, eighteen from Aerodramus, and one from Hydrochous. Successful identification is associated in most cases with females; males are only tenuously seperable. A complete host parasite list for the subgenus Collodennyus is provided, as well as a key for the identification of these taxa. Limited morphological variation within the subgenus has prevented ready extraction of descrete characters for cladistic analysis. In the absence of such characters, a cluster analysis of female and male characters is presented. Comparison of a dendrogram for Dennyus (Collodennyus) with a molecular phylogeny for the swiftlet hosts suggests that the history of the swiftlet-louse association has been complex, including episodes of host switching and independent speciation by the lice. Status: Reprint held (Amblycera)://A1996VV77100001Syst. Entomol.ISI:A1996VV77100001UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT ZOOL,OXFORD OX1 3PS,ENGLAND? IPrice, R. D. Hellenthal, R. A. Palma, R. L. Johnson, K. P. Clayton, D. H.20039The Chewing Lice: World Checklist and Biological Overview501Champaign-Urbana, IllinoisIllinois Natural History SurveyStatus: Copy held ? ,Price, R. D. Hellenthal, R. A. Hafner, M. S.1985The Geomydoecus (Mallophaga, Trichodectidae) from the central American pocket gophers of the subgenus Macrogeomys (rodentia, geomyidae)432-4436Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington872_Six species and subspecies of Geomydoecus from Orthogeomys (Macrogeomys) pocket gophers are described and illustrated: G. panamensis panamensis Price and Emerson from O. (M.) cavator (Bangs); G. p. dariensis Price and Emerson from O. (M.) dariensis (Goldman); G. setzeri Price and G. davidhafneri new species from O. (M.) underwoodi (Osgood) and O. (M.) cherriei (J. A. Allen); G. costaricensis Price and Emerson from three subspecies of O. (M.) heterodus (Peters); and G. cherriei Price from O. (M.) cherriei and O. (M.) matagalpae (J. A. Allen). Keys are provided for the identification of these six taxa.Status: Reprint heldProc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.0940.pdfK? 'Mey, E.1990Zur taxonomie der auf großfußhühnern (Megapodidae) schmarotzenden Oxylipeurus - arten) (Insecta, Phthirpatera, Ischnocera, Lipeuridae)103-116BZoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden466 The avian ischnoceran genus Oxylipeurus MJÖBERG, 1910 comprises four species parasitizing on the host genus Megapodius only. These are Oxylipeurus inaequalis (PIAGET), O. megapodiphilus n. sp. ex Megapodius nicobariensis sanghirensis , O. appendiculatus (PIAGET) and O. longiantennatus n. sp. ex Megapodius laperouse senex. They are described and illustrated. All known lipeurid species on hosts of the familiy Megapodiidae and their host distribution are listed. From 21 forms of Megapodiidae lipeurid species are unknown.Status: Photocopy held[IN GERMAN WITH ENGLISH SUMMARY] [TRANSLATION PRIORITY - LOW] English title: To the taxonomy of Oxylipeurus species (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera: Lipeuridae) parasitizing Megapodes (Megapodiidae)Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden0927.pdf? Lyal, C. H. C.1983[Taxonomy, Phylogeny and host relationships of the Trichodectidae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera)602University of London Ph.D. thesisStatus: Thesis held (room 412).Department of Pure and Applied Biology. London?  Lyal, C.H.C.1986QCoevolutionary relationships of lice and their hosts: a test of Fahrenholz's rule77-91Coevolution and Systematics)Systematics Association Special Volume 32 A. R. Stone and D. L. HawksworthOxfordClarendon PressThe traditiona view of louse phylogeny as being governed by phyletic tracking of the hosts (Fahrenholz's Rule) underpins much of louse systematics. This relaince on host relationships prevents rather than aids studies of coevolution. To determine the full implication of Fahrenholtz's rule predictions of the phyletic tracking model are tested against observations of louse specificity and host relationships, considering especially a cladogram of 350 louse species derived indipendently of host information. Predictions of strict host cospeciation and failure of lice to colonize novel hosts are shown to be falsified in a number of cases, and the model fails to explain a minimum of 20.7 per cent of louse speciation events in the history of the 350 species analyzed. The resource tracking model, sometimes suggested as an alternative to thephyletic tracking model, is considered as the other extreme to a continuum of host-parasite relationships. The position of any parasite on this continuum is governed by a number of factors , which are discussed. In view of its failure to explain all host-aprasite associations, Fahrenholz's rule can have no value as a precise tool in phylogenetic reconstrution for lice and their hosts.Status: Photocopy held1132.pdf??Reed, D.L. Smith, V.S. Rogers, A.R. Hammond, S.L. Clayton, D.H.2004bMolecular genetic analysis of human lice supports direct contact between modern and archaic humanse340*Public Library of Science (PLoS) - Biology211?&Smith, V.S. Page, R.D.M. Johnson, K.P.2004:Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny239-259Zoologica Scripta33?HKoh, L.P. Dunn, R.D. Sodhi, N.S. Colwell, R.K. Proctor, H.C. Smith, V.S.20042Species co-extinctions and the biodiversity crisis 1632-1634Science3055690